Demings point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Demings point - Essay Example Result orientation focuses on the output of the process. Result orientation focuses on the quality and quantity of the output. In the workplace, it includes having a setup list that is used to determine if the goals of the process have been achieved. For example, in factory, the management is supposed to make sure all the departments are taken care of. The departments, which include manufacturing, sales, processing, human resource and the finance department, should be well coordinated so that whole process smooth. A neglect of any one department can lead to the collapse of the whole system or the whole system being inefficient. A firm should have a good relationship with its customers, community and the employees themselves. A good relationship with the community is reached when the firm has a social responsibility programme that benefits the community. The programmes may include funding community projects,organizing trade fairs that educate them and giving the locals a priority during hiring of employees. A good working relationship enhances the firms image; hence boosting its

Community College Essay Example for Free

Community College Essay An analysis of the public school system reveals one challenge facing community colleges and universities: Rising costs are putting pressure on enrollment or forced schools to limit the number of courses they can offer. Every year the result has been a dramatic drop in the number of students the system can afford to teach. Most colleges have also reduced the size of their staff, and provided fewer student services. Without staff, these young people fail to understand why they are unable to get an education or even graduate from a college or university. The best way to help students avoid budget cuts is Proposition 30, which will not only prevent a possible $6 billion in cuts to public schools and colleges, but it will also provide billions of dollars in public funding that schools at all levels desperately need. Taking this into account, this essay considers the pros and cons of proposition 30, particularly in the form of increasing the personal income tax of higher earning Californians by 1 to 3 percent for seven years. The students who go to a college or university right after high school would benefit immensely from proposition 30. These community college students may find it easier to get classes now that voters have approved a tax measure to help fund public education. Proposition 30 is aimed at sparing college students another round of tuition increases that will prevent them from getting classes. Californias community college system will restore thousands of classes, which means putting an ease on a huge backlog of students unable to complete their degrees. Proposition 30 will make a difference this year by providing community colleges with $210 million in additional funds in 2012-2013 by adding approximately 3,300 classes to the spring 2013 semester. The passage of Proposition 30 means more classes for community college students. â€Å"The passage of Proposition 30 not only saved us from cuts totaling $8.6 million, but provided $1 million in new money for Mt. SAC to add 130 course sections for the spring semester,† said Mt. SAC President Bill Scroggins in a news release (Johnson, 2013). This will help students achieve their goals of continuing their education. Students who choose to go to a university would also benefit from proposition 30 because it would prevent them from having classes cut and being put on a waiting list to get into a class. These students will go from having no or minimal classes to about 200 more classes this spring. Without proposition 30, many of these young people face larger class sizes, tuition hikes, more teacher lay-offs, and will lose over half a billion in funding. Many young people did not understand the consequences if prop 30 did not pass and that the money from prop 30 will go directly to schools and public safety services. Prop 30 prevents deep school cuts, puts more cops on the streets, and helps balance the budget by raising income taxes for the wealthiest Californians. Proposition 30 was placed on the ballot by Governor Jerry Brown and supporters of the proposition include the California Teachers Association. Another group to consider is young people who wish to graduate and continue on to graduate school. Proposition 30 is a critical step in addressing the continual budget crisis that continues to affect many undergraduate and graduate students wishing to continue their education. Many recent undergraduate students end up without any classes to help keep them in the public school system in order to be able to register for the next quarter or semester. For these people proposition 30 is especially important because it will help them be able to continue their education and to graduate with their Master’s degree in whatever major they decide to pursue. If the budget had not passed the cuts would target public schools, community colleges, and universities. The University of California would have seen tuition increase by 20%. Many students cannot afford fee increases year after year. This is causing student loan debt to rise continuously, which is not fair to young people at the start of our adult lives. One argument against proposition 30 is that it does not guarantee one penny of new funding for public schools. Another argument is that California is already a very high tax state and we have the 2nd highest income tax rate, as well as the highest state sales tax rate. If Proposition 30 is approved, California will be by far #1 in income tax rates. There are some people who generally support tax increases in California. The Wall Street Journal stated, â€Å"That California Governor Jerry Brown is trying to sell his tax hike to voters this November by saying it will go to schools. The dirty little secret is that the new revenues are needed to backfill the insolvent teacher’s pension fund.† (FOX, 2012). The people who are opposing Proposition 30 do not fully understand what the measure entails and what benefits it will bring to our California public schools. In conclusion the best way to help students avoid budget cuts is Proposition 30, which will not only prevent a possible $6 billion in cuts to public schools and colleges, but it will also provide billions of dollars in public funding that schools at all levels desperately need. The students who go to a college or university right after high school would benefit immensely from proposition 30. Students who choose to go to a university would also benefit from proposition 30 because it would prevent them from having classes cut and being put on a waiting list to get into a class. Another group to consider is young people who wish to graduate and continue on to graduate school. Proposition 30 helps a big minority of people and this is something us students and teachers should vote on. References FOX, J. (2012). California general election. Retrieved from http://voterguide.sos.ca.gov/propositions/30/arguments-rebuttals.htm Johnson, M. C. (2013). Diamond bar walnut patch. Retrieved from http://diamondbar-walnut.patch.com/articles/prop-30-means-more-classes-for-mt-sac-students

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Experiment

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Experiment Abstract Artificial neural networks (ANNs) is applied for prediction of product selectivity in biological sulfide removal. An experimental setup is constructed for investigation of biological sulfide removal in a fed batch bioreactor. In this process, sulfide is biologically converted into elemental sulfur and sulfate by the bacterium Thiobacillus thioparus. In addition, thiosulfate is produced in a side reaction. The effect of various parameters (dissolved oxygen, concentration of bacteria and sulfide load) is investigated on the types of products. The main product is elemental sulfur at low dissolved oxygen or at high sulfide loads and also more sulfates are produced at high dissolved oxygen. At high concentration of bacteria, sulfur and sulfate selectivity are increased, and thiosulfate selectivity is decreased. By using gathered experimental data, an artificial neural network model is developed to calculate the selectivity of products at different operating conditions. The comparison betw een proposed ANN model and the experimental data demonstrates a great precision of the model. Introduction Hydrogen sulfide as an extremely toxic gas is emitted by many industries such as oil, gas and petrochemical industries [1]. It has potential for the damaging nervous system at low-dose exposures. Furthermore, sulfide is highly corrosive and has a very unpleasant odor. The threshold limit value for air 0.5–10 ppbv [2], natural gas 4 ppmv [3] and for fresh or salty water fish is 0.5 ppm [4]. In the recent years, biological sulfide removal at ambient temperature and pressure has been investigated as an alternative to the conventional methods. A review on the bacteria of the sulfur cycle was discussed by Tang et al which contributes to a better understanding of the process [7]. Also, a review of the biological removal of H2S from gas streams was studied by Sayed et al [8]. Several microorganisms, namely sulfur compound oxidizing bacteria (SOB), are capable of oxidizing H2S at ambient temperatures and pressures. Different types of bioreactors are used for biological sulfide removal, the more common types are: bioscrubber, biotrickling filter, and biofilter. In the last two processes, the H2S-containing gas passes through a moist, packed bed of particles, which are coated by microorganisms. The biotrickling filter, and biofilter are proper for low sulfide capacity, which the sulfide is mainly converted to sulfate [8]. In the case of biological H2S removal from natural gas, the bioscrubber is more preferred. In a bioscrubber, H2S is washed from the natural gas stream by an alkaline such as NaOH (Eqs. 1 and 2) in a gas absorber, then the rich alkaline solution is sent to an agitated bioreactor where the sulfide ions (HS) are converted to elemental sulfur or sulfate (Eqs. 3 and 4). The produced elemental sulfur is separated by sedimentation [8-11]. Production of elemental sulfur is preferred since it is less harmful than sulfate. Furthermore, hydroxyl ions, consumed in the absorption of H2S in the alkaline liquid, are regenerated upon oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur (Eq. 3). Also, elemental sulfur is easily separated by sedimentation. In addition to the biological reactions, dissolved sulfide can react with S0 to produce polysulfide ions (), according to Eq. 5, and ions are abiotically oxidized to S0 and, according to Eq. 6 [12]. Teder [13] has shown that the chain length of polysulfide ion (Sx2-) increases with increase of temperature (x = 5.0 at 25  °C and x = 6.5 at 80  °C). At moderate alkaline conditions, the average chain length of polysulfide (x) varies from 4.6 to 5.5 [12-15]. The product selectivity in the biological sulfide removal process depends on different parameters such as bacteria concentration, sulfide load to the bioreactor and dissolved oxygen [*** Roosta]. This study investigates the applicability of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the prediction of the biological sulfide removal performance in a fed batch bioreactor. Materials and Methods In this study, Thiobacillus thioparus (DSMZ 5368) was used as sulfur oxidizing bacteria for producing elemental sulfur in the biological sulfide removal process.In this regards, a bioreactor with total volume of 3.8 liter operated under fed batch conditions was used, as shown in Figure (1). During all experiments, the temperature was controlled at 30 ±0.3  °C, and the pH was controlled at 8 ±0.2 using 1N HCl and 1N NaOH solutions. Dissolved oxygen (DO) as a manipulated variable was changed between 0.5 and 6 ppm and controlled using nitrogen and oxygen injection. The bioreactor was charged with 2000 cc of the medium inoculated with biomass. After stabilizing of the temperature in the bioreactor at 30  °C, feeding of the sulfide solution was started. The concentration of sulfide was determined based on the methylene blue method proposed by Trà ¼per and Schlegel [16], by using a spectrophotometer (Zeiss) at 665 nm. The sulfide solution was injected to the bioreactor by an infus ion pump (JMS OT-701), after calibration of the pump. During the experiments, the sulfide solution is applied at different flow rates (between 1.5 and 23 ml h-1) to achieve different HS load (between 0.5 and 4.0 mmolL-1h-1). The flow rate of recirculating gas was adjusted to 15 L min-1 and was spread by a diffuser; this caused a good mixing of the broth. The concentration of sulfur compounds were measured during the process. In this regards, the total concentrations of sulfide (HS and polysulfide) were determined based on the methylene blue method [17]. The concentration of polysulfide was determined based on Teder [14] method. The concentration of sulfide (HS) is the difference between total sulfide concentrations and polysulfide concentration. The concentration of sulfate was determined via the turbiditimetry method at 420 nm [17], and the thiosulfate concentration was determined via the methylene blue method at 760 nm [18]. Finally, the concentration of elemental sulfur is calculated by the mass balance on sulfur. The present study investigates the effect of operating variables: dissolve oxygen (DO) value (0.5 – 4 ppm), HS load (0.5 – 4 mmol L-1 h-1) and optical density (OD) of bacteria (0.4 – 0.6) on the sulfide removal and product selectivity. ANN Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) with different structures has been proven to be universal function approximators. The major advantage of ANN model is to be constructed without detailed information about the underlying process. ANNs as black box modeling tools have already been used for many applications in industry, business and science [19]. Since in white box modeling approaches, the model of development is based on the information of mechanistic and relevant equations and detailed knowledge for a specific system is usually not directly available, most efforts in the white box modeling approach are devoted to revealing all relevant mechanisms and quantifying these mechanisms correctly. This usually requires an extensive research program (including experiments, which can also be very time- and money-consuming). Here a compromise must be made in order to save time and money. Therefore, white box models often have limited accuracy, because in developing the models, minor mechanisms are neglected and only the major mechanisms are taken into account. The major advantage of the artificial neural networks is that they can be constructed without the need of detailed knowledge of the underlying system. One of the applications of artificial neural network models is to map an input space to an output space and function as a look-up table. Thus, in recent years, artificial neural networks have been applied to biotechnology and biochemical engineering researches [20-27]. In this study, a Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network is utilized in order to develop an appropriate model for the prediction of products selectivity. MLP This type of network consists of an input layer, an output layer and one or more hidden layers (Figure 2). The number of neurons in the input and the output layer depends on the number of input and output parameters respectively. However, the hidden layer may contain desired neurons. All the layers are interconnected as shown in Figure (2) and the strength of the interconnections is determined by the weights associated with them. Each input of neurons (p) is weighted with an appropriate (w), the sum of the weighted inputs and the bias (b) forms the input to the transfer function (f). Neurons can use any differentiable transfer function f to generate their output (n) and is given as: Multilayer Perceptron networks often use the log-sigmoid transfer function (Eq. 8); however, other functions are commonly used. In this work, one hidden layer was chosen for the networks (as shown in Figure 2), and the optimum neuron numbers for hidden layer was calculated. By using Bayesian regularization back propagation, the MLP neural network was trained. This training method updates the weight and bias values according to the Levenberg- Marquardt optimization [28]. It minimizes a combination of squared errors and weights, and then determines the correct combination so as to produce an artificial neural network that generalizes well. Training was carried out until the mean absolute relative error (MARE) which represented by Eq. 9, was minimized. When the training was terminated, to avoid over learning, the error of test and training data were calculated. As illustrated in Figure (2), the inputs of the proposed networks are DO value, bacteria OD and HS load, and the outputs are elemental sulfur, sulfate and thiosulfate selectivity. To choose the best network structure, different configurations of MLP networks were trained and tested. Network parameters such as: numbers of hidden layers, numbers of neurons in each hidden layer, transfer functions and training algorithm were studied in this attempt. Eventually, the network structure that produced the smallest error for testing and training data was determined. The needed experimental data were measured at different DO values, bacteria ODs and HS loads, and comprise 300 observations. Using the random selection method, 75% of all data (225 data sets) were assigned to the training set, while the rest of the data were used as the validation set. Results and Discussions A part of the obtained experimental data are shown in Table (1). According to the results, increasing of bacteria OD leads to more sulfur and sulfate selectivity, but leads to decrease of thiosulfate selectivity. Although, by increasing DO value, sulfate and thiosulfate selectivity increase, and sulfur selectivity decreases. In addition, increasing sulfide load leads to increase of elemental sulfur and thiosulfate selectivity, and decrease in sulfate selectivity. After many attempts, the best ANN obtained is a MLP with one hidden layer. The optimum number of neurons in the hidden layer is 15 neurons as shown in Figure (3). The transfer function of the first layers is a hyperbolic tangent sigmoid (Eq. 9) and that of second layer is a positive linear function. The parameters of the ANN structure are shown in Table (2). As shown in Figure (4) the ANN model has been able to capture all the features of the system reasonably and can be used for estimating the product selectivity within the range in which it has been trained. Figure (4a) compares the results of applying the training data and Figure (4b) compares the applying test data to the MLP with experimental data at different conditions. The correlation coefficient (R2) value of the ANN model is near to one, which indicates a good accuracy of the ANN model. The relative error between experimental data and calculated values, for verification data are illustrated in Figure (5). As seen in this figure, mean absolute relative error (MARE%) for sulfate, sulfur and thiosulfate selectivity are 4.4, 1.77 and 0.23% respectively. The results show that the proposed model is in a good agreement with experimental data which ANN did not observe in the training phase. Conclusion In biological sulfide removal, elemental sulfur production should be maximized to save more hydroxyl ions. Thus, the prediction of product selectivity is essential in the design of the biological sulfide removal system. An artificial neural network based model was developed for the prediction of product selectivity as a function of DO, OD of bacteria and HS load, in the biological sulfide removal system. The best architecture of the MLP network was obtained by trial. Application of the proposed ANN model for training and test data indicates that it can predict the product selectivity with a considerable accuracy.

The Norm :: essays research papers

Cause and Effect Report â€Å"The Norm†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout history society has changed greatly. However, much has remained untouched by the sands of time. One of the unchanged properties is what society considers the â€Å"Norm†. The â€Å"Norm†, is a set of rules which govern society. It is not a printed document (usually), but merely a commonly accepted set of standards. The â€Å"Norm† is made up by society’s perception of what is acceptable. Before we truly get involved with describing the various aspects of normative behavior, it is wise to point out the differences between â€Å"Norms† of the past and the present. In the past, religious beliefs, physical differences, and common misunderstandings contributed greatly to the formation of the â€Å"Norm†. In the present, a world of greater equality and understanding, these factors have less influence. The majority creates the â€Å"Norm†. The â€Å"Norm† is created by every action society makes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Role is an important aspect controlled by the â€Å"Norm†. For centuries, women of various cultures have been considered to be the house keeper and/or the sole care taker of their children. Women were usually considered as being inferior in the past due to the physical strength difference as well as variances between the male and female physique. Role also defined the life of men in the past. In many cultures men were valued only by their physical strength, but rarely their intelligence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Childhood is also heavily influenced by the â€Å"Norm†. Because children are considered to be intellectually inferior to adults they were rarely considered to be politically important. That is, until they reached an age when adults finally recognized the efforts and accomplishments and the child was then promoted to a more equal status. We see this same type of behavior even in today’s society. Because of their inexperience, the â€Å"Norm† dictates that schooling is required at an early age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sexuality is one of the most complex issues within the â€Å"Norm†. The â€Å"Norm† as it pertains to sexuality is highly influenced by religious concepts coupled with the physical ability to reproduce. One compliments the other, in this case. Religion acts as a secondary explanation of biology. This causes people to be opposed to deviation from this path.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The â€Å"Norm† continues to affect the placement of Role in society. Women are encouraged at a young age to learn home making skills such as cooking along with other house keeping activities. Men, can often be found working in hard labor environments.

Habits Essay

HABIT 1: BE PROACTIVE In my own personal life I can apply this particular habit by seeing see the good side of things such as my family and how we are in society.   I should not base my happiness on what surrounds me; rather, I should seek my own happiness from within myself.   I should not let my family get in the way of my own happiness.   As a teacher I have to know that there are things that I can do on my own to make the learning experience more enjoyable.   I have to seek things I can do for my students on my own. HABIT 2: BEGIN WITH THE END IN MIND I have to focus and seek what I want for myself; however, I have to consider that what I want should be based on my individual personality.   I always wanted to be a teacher and I can say that I am now where I envisioned myself to be.   I have to set realistic goals.   In my professional life, I have to act and work according to the goals I have set and when and if I do reach these goals, I have to set brand new goals to pursue. HABIT 3: PUT FIRST THINGS FIRST I am sure that at this point I will have set what is important for me.  Ã‚   I believe that I should always have to come first, followed by my family, then my friends, and all the others coming after.   I prioritize myself to be able to give to others – I have to love myself first to be able to give love.   Being a teacher, my first priority are my students and what I can teach them, all the rest are secondary to this important priority. HABIT 4: THINK WIN-WIN I want my family to enjoy the same things that I enjoy.   What I have, I also want those who are important to me to have, so I have to be decisive and courageous in seeking these things.   In the same manner, I want my students to be as empowered as I am as a teacher, so to enjoy this mutual benefit, I have to remain vigilant in defending their rights and their capacities. HABIT 5: SEEK FIRST TO UNDERSTAND, THEN TO BE UNDERSTOOD I should not act like I know everything.   I should try to consider others as a means of enriching myself.   If I want other people to appreciate me and consider me for what I am I should be sensitive and responsive to others.   I consider my students sources of learning in as much as they consider me a source of their knowledge.   This way, the chain of understanding remains open in both ways. HABIT 6: SYNERGIZE Since I value my family and friends I should consider them in everything especially in things I want to achieve.   I have to allow them to work with me and allow myself to work with them for a more holistic approach in everything I do.   Problems are solved easier with many contributing to the solution and so I must not shut out my students from problems that we normally come across with in education.   I have to accept the fact that as a teacher there are problems that are better solved with my students contributing to the solution. HABIT 7: SHARPEN THE SAW I personally know that I am athletic, emotionally open, socially considerate, and spiritually decided.   I have to focus on these four strengths of mine so that I do not remain static and continue and consistently improve in general.   Teaching requires that I focus on what I am good at and build on this.   I am very good with children and can simplify complicated information quite effectively.   I believe that I should hone my skills in these areas to become a more effective teacher.

Samuel Gompers Vs Terence Powderly essays

Samuel Gompers Vs Terence Powderly essays Samuel Gompers and Terence Powderly have some things in common, as well as different. Samuel Gompers was born in London, England on January 27, 1850. When he was only ten years old, He dropped out of elementary school to be a shoemaker. When he was thirteen years old his family moved from London, England to New York. He then became an immigrant cigar maker when he was fourteen years old. He did this because he wanted to help his father make and sell cigars. After living his wonderful life, he died in 1924. Terence Powderly was born in Carbondale, Pennsylvania, 1849. He attended school until he was 13 years old and had a job as a railroad worker. He later became an apprentice to a machinist, and in 1871 he joined a local chapter of the Machinists and Blacksmiths International Union. In 1879, the head of the order of the Knights of Labor, Uriah Stephens, retired. Terence then was rewarded the leader of the Knights of Labor, an all-exclusive union found in 1869. Terence Powderly died in 1924. The similarities of Terence and Samuel are that they both were involved with labor unions. They both needed money to support their families and themselves. They each dropped out of school at an early age. Both started strikes for better working conditions and higher pay. They both were fired from their jobs because of this cause. They both were respected in their high positions. Samuel became the President of the United States and Terence became the leader of the Knights of Labor. Some of the differences were that Samuel dropped out of school at the age of ten years old to help his father with the cigar business. Terence dropped out of school at thirteen years old to get into the railroad business. They had different ideas on the effect of a strike. Terence was afraid of starting a strike because he felt he would not win and was more comfortable using the boy ...

Huntsville Plant Project Charter Essays

Huntsville Plant Project Charter Essays Huntsville Plant Project Charter Essay Huntsville Plant Project Charter Essay Project Name| Huntsville Plant Project| Project Number| 005| Project Manager| David Myers| Prioritization| High| Owner(s)| Walter Seitz| Start Date:| April 17, 2011| Scheduled Completion Date:| June 30, 2012| Mission| The construction of a new Seitz plant in Huntsville, AL that will be operational by June 30, 2012. | | Scope| 1) Select resources such as architect, real estate consultant and general contractor. ) Recruit and train managers for the new plant 3) Create pre-production and production plans 4) Create building concept and design 5) Procure building site, all required permits and approvals 6) Construct building 7) Landscaping of site 8) Operations personnel recruitment 9) Equipment , materials and fleet purchases 10) Equipment installation 11) Create product distribution and pre-production plans 12) Begin production and distribution| | Objectives| 1) To construct a new plant in Huntsville, Alabama that will be fully operational by June 30, 2012. ) To hire and train qualified management and operations personnel. 3) To procure all new equipment for production. 4) To procure a full fleet of trucks for distribution. | | Assumptions| 1. The labor market in Huntsville, AL is sufficient to meet the requirements of the new plant 2. Acquiring suitable land and obtaining permits will not face any unusual legal requirements. | | Constraints| Construction, staffing, equipment and materials will all be funded from the $2,750,000 allocated for the project. | | Time/Decision Points| 1) Start Date: April 17, 2011 2) Architectural Drawings Complete: May 15, 2011 3) Land purchased and permits obtained: June 01, 2011 4) Construction begins: July 01, 2011 5) Building construction complete: January 15, 2012 6) Equipment purchase and installation complete: February 15, 2012 7) Personnel hiring and training complete: March 31, 2012 8) Equipment tests complete: April 15, 2012 9) Facility begins operation May 15, 2012| | Cost/Financial Assumptions| 1) We assume the total cost of construction and beginning operation to be no more than $2,750,000| | User Acceptance Criteria/Quality| 1) All products will meet quality standards of the Seitz coporation| | Major Risks| 1) Financial risk due to possibility of construction and staffing cost over runs. | | KEY STAKEHOLDERS| | Name| Project Core Team:| Steve PokorskiJoe DownsRhonda SmithMary Doonan | Subject Matter Experts (SME) (Include company channel designations if applicable)| | APPROVALS| Type Name| Signature| Date| Project Manager Approval:| David Myers| February 1, 2010| Owner/Sponsor Approval:| Walter Seitz| February 1, 2010|

Baritone essays

Baritone essays The baritone has a long history. It all started in the early 18th century with an instrument called the serpent. This snake-like tube was made of either wood, brass or silver, and its tuning wasn't good. It had six finger holes (valves wern't ivented yet) in the beginning, but later more were added. It was used in military bands as a marching bass, but it could also be found supporting the bass part in church choirs. Players of the serpent needed to be extraordinary musicians, because when put in less talented hands it sounded horrible. The serpent had an undistinguished life, although some people still play it today, and was replaced in 1821 by a brass instrument, produced by a French company called Halary, that was "a combination of the modern bassoon and baritone saxophone" called the ophicleide. The ophicleide used keys (instead of the finger holes of the serpent). It became popular and was made in several sizes and keys, but by the end of the century, it had almost disappeared. Around 1815, valves were invented by Heinrick Stolzel and Friedrick Blushmel. Valves improved intonation and pitch, and made almost all modern brass instruments possible. At that time, the technology was new, and it was not until 1823 that a horn similar to the euphonium was used. The 1860s and 1870s were a major time of improvement for the euphonium, beginning when Professor Phasey of Kneller Hall, England, enlarged the bore of the instrument. Soon after that, over the shoulder euphoniums began to appear, and in 1874, the compensating valve system, invented by David Blaikley, made pitch better. The 1880s brought even more variety to the baritone/euphonium scene with the addition of the large bore Kaiserbariton, and the famous double-belled euphonium of Meredith Wilsons The Music Man. Not much happened in the development of the modern euphonium between 1888 and 1921, because people had decided that there was enough variety and there was...

Recruitment and Selection (Human Resources Managment) Essay

Recruitment and Selection (Human Resources Managment) - Essay Example In today’s rapidly changing world and with the strategic focus, selection also needs to be strategic. Strategic selection demands a range of activities in the general stream of looking for candidates to fit in the jobs. It involves not only the job at hand but potential range of matches for the person in future jobs. Additionally, the enhancing reach of globalization demands much more flexibility and certain interpersonal and personal skills for a candidate to undertake the ever changing and challenging environment i.e. effective selection by the HR selectors. However, the basic match of candidates to the job description is of significant value because otherwise, achievement of organizational goals and attaining appropriate return on investment (on human capital) is not possible. In true terms, no training or motivation or praise can make individuals work beyond their capacity. Current scenario For Toyota R & S policy The globalization of business has shift from trade and busi ness to strategic alliances, integration of businesses etc. This change has significantly affected the HR practices. One of the major challenges, which global organizations are facing today, is attracting global talent. Toyota, one of the largest shareholders of the global automobile market, is no exception when it comes to facing HR problems, particularly in the US, and in other countries as well where their business has grown. Over the years, the observation has been a general and massive shift of jobs from manufacturing and agriculture to service industry and telecommunication. US economy is moreover a services based economy with 80% of the jobs belonging to the services industry. The trend is expected to continue, resulting in increased demand for services industry jobs and reduced inclination towards agricultural or manufacturing units. Toyota being a manufacturing firm hence suffered from this trend. It meant for Toyota lesser pool of candidates available for recruitment and s election. Changing demographics, shortage of highly skilled and qualified specialist and legislative problems are some of the problems Toyota’s HR has to face globally. (Robert L Malthis, 2008) In order to handle this issue, Toyota should make use of various internal and external recruitment models. The forthcoming sections of this report discuss the various aspects of recruitment and selection model used by Toyota. Nature and composition of workforce Toyota believes in low cost and high performance, which is why the business has developed a proper recruitment and selection process that reflects Toyota’s philosophy. Toyota’s main objective is cost reduction and lean management but they believe in valuing their human capital. Same methodology is followed in recruitment and selection. There are a number of temporary and permanent employees in the organziation. Toyota also makes use of off shoring and outsourcing in countries where there is shortage of skilled labo r such as USA and other North American countries. Sound procedures in

Two assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Two assignments - Assignment Example This is not to downplay a department but to find the root cause. It is clear that it a manager must be cognizant of these elements and try to bridge any discrepancies that occur. In that efforts, the supervisor’s motives for wanting the information should not be retaliation but to improve the process overall. The focal point of all this should be to enhance the process itself into a seamless manner, not to point fingers at each other. â€Å"Successful leaders such as IT managers are excellent deflect attention away from them and encourage others to voice their opinions.† It is clear that the IT manager must lead their team to the right goals and understand this data to analyze for the well-being of the organization itself. As an IT manager, doing a case analysis is important even for security and social engineering purposes. When it comes to securing these elements, human flaws are always a huge issue. Social engineering has plagued many organizations because attackers have found constructive ways to loop into the system. Social engineering for user domains should be based on layering approach. For instead, spoofing is conducted on regular basis for a user account domain password, which can expose vulnerabilities in the system itself. The job of the IT manager therefore is to rectify these issues if it hurts the organization in any shape and form. This cannot be conducted without understanding the root cause of the department failures. Registration system stakeholders will be students, administrators, teachers and registration office. If a student drops the class, the registration gets affected because they have to pool this resource out to someone. If a teacher does not teach a class, students get affected because of the entity relationships that are created. In order to be very comprehensive in the interview process, it

Personal Statement for MSc Finance application Essay

Personal Statement for MSc Finance application - Essay Example My interest in the field of finance is of dual nature; I not only enjoy working out the objective aspect, i.e. the calculations and analysis of financial data but am also drawn to the beauty of its application phase. I am fascinated by the way accounting principles when applied benefit a business task and enhances it in all respects. I see the process of running a business or industry like solving a jigsaw puzzle, with four components; the accounts piece, the financing piece, the marketing piece and the management piece. They are all part of one, bigger scheme. I find beauty and joy in compiling all these components; and feel a strong sense of fulfilment when these pieces are fully combined to give an enhanced end product- the complete picture. During my internships and other work experience, I have had the chance to taste different business related aspects: I have gained some experience in marketing, accounts, management and financial analysis. All these experiences have led me to b elieve that finance is the area that is of greater interest to me, since foundations of any business are embedded in its finance department. If there is capital and strong financial analysis the shortcomings can be pinpointed and management can then be moulded so as to yield desired results. I have been an academically above average student throughout my studies and have participated in various co curricular activities at school and college level. Being a person who is gifted in leadership qualities, I have led various fund raising campaigns during my college years. One of my note-worthy participatory activities in this regard is that of the fund raising campaign for members of student’s career development association. This was led by me and with assistance of other members of the society; we managed to raise more funds than the target sum. As a student, I have had some opportunities (though limited) to practically apply the theory being taught. In doing so I felt a need to h ave more command over the financing element which is why I have chosen to attain a post graduate degree in finance. Here is an incident form my life which I would like to share: When I was working as an internee with the marketing department at ‘New Thought’ in China, I was assigned the task of conducting some primary and secondary research in order to assist the business partners in determining the best strategy to achieve their goals. While I was gathering and analysing this data, I realized that even the marketing side is dependent on the accounting principles. What I did was to identify the gaps in information based on accounting and finance and recommended them to incorporate finances based marketing strategies into their existing marketing strategies. This incident further strengthened my aspirations to attain a post graduate degree in finance. I learnt that finance background gives a person the power to better understand business dynamics and places the person in a better position to solve other business related issues including management and even marketing. I also have a deep interest in the world economy and have attained ample knowledge about the stake-hold share market. I believe that raising capital is an art; an enjoyable but complicated task to do; and one needs to have sound knowledge of finance in order to do so. Accounting provides investors and businessmen with multiple techniques to manage record and communicate

Monopolies and Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Monopolies and Economics - Essay Example Economists have debated the value and the cost of monopolies for centuries and still have come to no clear consensus. Even our laws that protect the market from monopolistic practices have been viewed as incapable of defining the words 'market' and 'monopoly'. When does market share become a monopoly In the United States, the foul line is crossed when the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) interprets the anti-trust laws and rules that the actions are injurious to competition. The technical definition of a monopoly is a business that is the sole provider of a good or service that has no suitable substitute. Consumers are restricted to buying from the monopolist. Geographic limitations can also create a monopoly such as being the only doctor within a hundred miles. Monopolies can also exist where a firm manufactures a specialized product to a limited market. New innovations may become monopolistic due to patent restrictions or until the innovation becomes more widely available. Another characteristic of a monopoly is that there needs to be a barrier to entry into the market. This is usually due to high sunk-costs that prevent competitors from reaching an economy of scale. Though all these traits are seen in monopolies, many practices are labeled monopolistic because they restrict competition and are prohibited by law. Most of these practices serve to limit competition or drive competition out of business. Product dumping, price fixing, predatory pricing, and bid rigging are all considered monopolistic practices. In the United States corporations are occasionally allowed to engage in a monopoly or monopolistic practices. Professional sports, utilities, government institutions, and markets with a single producer are sometimes exempted or protected. These protected monopolies do not always benefit from their monopoly status, as they may still need to be competitive to keep new entrants from competing. Major League Baseball is sometimes seen as a monopoly. However, there are substitute products in the form of other sports and entertainment activities. Though they prevent any new entries into the market, they can't be called a true monopoly. Even the US Post Office, a protected monopoly, has come under increased competition with the advent of new technology and services. Though they were once the only provider for their services, failure to innovate left them vulnerable to alternate suppliers. A criticism often leveled at monopolies is that they are complacent and slow to innovate. . Monopolies can be destructive to the economy because they give the firm the opportunity to be a price maker rather than a price taker. The monopoly will reduce the supply, which increases the price to the point that it maximizes profits (Parkin 110). This point is almost always at a point above the price that would be available in a competitive market. According to Stigler, "the purely "economic" case against monopoly is that it reduces aggregate economic welfare". For example: If a firm can sell 100 units when the price is $5 it will generate $500 revenue. If they price them at $7 they can only sell 80 units, but will have generated $560 revenue. However, the loss to the economy is 20 unsold units at $5 each, or $100. Though the firm has gained $60, the market has lost $100. This aggregate loss is known as deadweight loss and is what the anti-trust laws are designed to

Finacial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Finacial management - Essay Example Therefore, as a matter of investment objectives, the study turns to somewhat outrule the relevance of Payback Period, Internal rate of return (IRR) and Overall rate of return (ORR) investment appraisal techniques and invites to focus on Life-Cycle/Whole life Cost Analysis (LCCA/WLCA), NPV, Net Benefits (NB) and Net Savings (NS), Benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) and Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) appraisal techniques. Term 'somewhat' in this case refers to the existence of profit-bearing or cash inflow-bearing opportunities connected with letting office space to another governmental institution (department (A)) for a rent paid yearly. There are many methods available to calculate specific economic performance measures. Used appropriately, these methods allow the investor to analyze the economic consequences of particular decisions and fairly evaluate alternative approaches. The various economic analysis methods include: Net Benefits (NB) and Net Savings (NS) are analytical methods used to describe time-adjusted economic benefits or savings between competing alternatives. NB is used to examine how costs of competing alternatives impact investment opportunities (e.g. ... NB is used to examine how costs of competing alternatives impact investment opportunities (e.g. real estate income or factory output) measured in positive outcomes relative to a base case. The NS method is the NB method recast to fit the situation where there are no important benefits in terms of revenue, but there are reductions in future costs (savings). Benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) and Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) are numerical ratios whose size indicates the economic performance of an investment. For example, a BCR of 1.5 means that one can expect to realize $1.50 for every $1.00 invested in the project over and above the required (baseline) rate of return. A primary application of BCR and SIR is to set funding priorities among competing projects when there is a limited overall program budget. Internal rate of return (IRR) is a measure of the annual percentage yield on investment. The IRR is compared against the investor's minimum acceptable rate of return to determine the economic attractiveness of the investment. This often misunderstood method is primarily used in Pro forma analysis in industrial and financial circles. Overall rate of return (ORR) is the annual yield from a project over the study period, taking into account reinvestment of interim receipts. Project earnings and earnings from reinvestment are accumulated to the end of the study period and set equal to the present value of cost to compute the ORR. This method offers another means of analyzing and ranking the economic performance expectations of competing alternatives. Discounted payback (DPB) and Simple payback (SPB) measure the time required to recover investment costs. If one ignores the time value of money (assume a zero discount rate), the method is called

Rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Rhetorical analysis - Essay Example The Crisis In Higher Education. This is the topic of the article to be discussed. It is an article by Carr Nicholas, published in the year 2012. The Crisis In Higher Education is an article pointing out on various predicaments that are faced in the field of higher education. In this article, Nicholas tends to inform individuals on more about higher institutions of learning and how predicaments can be controlled. In this case, he specializes in the line of e-learning where he explains more about it and how it can help students who use this technique in learning. He mentions some of the universities where this strategy has been implemented and its benefits to the institutions. Though there are drawbacks that are associated with this strategy, his aim is to make it clear to individuals that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Carr in his article aims at making individuals aware of the challenges that are faced in the field of higher education. Carr begins by mentioning that a hun dred years ago, higher education system seemed on the limit of a technological development. This is a technique used to capture the interest of the readers by informing them that technology was implemented some years back meaning it started sometimes back. In this case this is a technique used to inform the readers more about technology. He goes ahead explain that there are many universities today that are raising hopes of a revolution in the field of higher education. The universities pointed out in this case include: Stanford, Harvard, Princeton and MIT. This is another part in the article meant to educate individuals on the recent trends in higher education. Nicholas points out that in the world, not is every individual enthusiastic. He explains that with the use of online classes, at some point the quality of college education is diminished. This is due to the introduction of MOOCs which enables learning to take place online. He points out that distractions has occurred especial ly for the institutions that use this technique. He goes ahead to state that for such institutions, for effective learning processes to take place, high degree of automation has to be implemented. In this case, he wishes to instruct administrators in higher education institutions to implement this strategy for them to have effective online learning processes. Carr also points out that individuals who are skeptical of MOOCs give a warning that the real meaning of a higher institution lies in an interplay within between the teachers and students that cannot be replicated through machines no matter how classy the programming. This gives a clear impression that Carr does not agree with them because he supports the fact that e-learning can work effectively only id the high degree automation strategy is implemented. In this case, his message is convincing in that, he tries to explain how e-learning can work well for higher institutions. â€Å"The designers and promoters of MOOCs don†™t suggest that computers will make classrooms obsolete. But they do argue that online instruction will change the nature of teaching on campus, making it more engaging and efficient.† (Carr 40). Nicholas in this case tries to convince the readers that even though there are drawbacks that come along with the e-learing process, they can be dealt with and that the e-learners can study perfectly well just as those who attend a

Monopolies and Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Monopolies and Economics - Essay Example Economists have debated the value and the cost of monopolies for centuries and still have come to no clear consensus. Even our laws that protect the market from monopolistic practices have been viewed as incapable of defining the words 'market' and 'monopoly'. When does market share become a monopoly In the United States, the foul line is crossed when the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) interprets the anti-trust laws and rules that the actions are injurious to competition. The technical definition of a monopoly is a business that is the sole provider of a good or service that has no suitable substitute. Consumers are restricted to buying from the monopolist. Geographic limitations can also create a monopoly such as being the only doctor within a hundred miles. Monopolies can also exist where a firm manufactures a specialized product to a limited market. New innovations may become monopolistic due to patent restrictions or until the innovation becomes more widely available. Another characteristic of a monopoly is that there needs to be a barrier to entry into the market. This is usually due to high sunk-costs that prevent competitors from reaching an economy of scale. Though all these traits are seen in monopolies, many practices are labeled monopolistic because they restrict competition and are prohibited by law. Most of these practices serve to limit competition or drive competition out of business. Product dumping, price fixing, predatory pricing, and bid rigging are all considered monopolistic practices. In the United States corporations are occasionally allowed to engage in a monopoly or monopolistic practices. Professional sports, utilities, government institutions, and markets with a single producer are sometimes exempted or protected. These protected monopolies do not always benefit from their monopoly status, as they may still need to be competitive to keep new entrants from competing. Major League Baseball is sometimes seen as a monopoly. However, there are substitute products in the form of other sports and entertainment activities. Though they prevent any new entries into the market, they can't be called a true monopoly. Even the US Post Office, a protected monopoly, has come under increased competition with the advent of new technology and services. Though they were once the only provider for their services, failure to innovate left them vulnerable to alternate suppliers. A criticism often leveled at monopolies is that they are complacent and slow to innovate. . Monopolies can be destructive to the economy because they give the firm the opportunity to be a price maker rather than a price taker. The monopoly will reduce the supply, which increases the price to the point that it maximizes profits (Parkin 110). This point is almost always at a point above the price that would be available in a competitive market. According to Stigler, "the purely "economic" case against monopoly is that it reduces aggregate economic welfare". For example: If a firm can sell 100 units when the price is $5 it will generate $500 revenue. If they price them at $7 they can only sell 80 units, but will have generated $560 revenue. However, the loss to the economy is 20 unsold units at $5 each, or $100. Though the firm has gained $60, the market has lost $100. This aggregate loss is known as deadweight loss and is what the anti-trust laws are designed to

Rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Rhetorical analysis - Essay Example The Crisis In Higher Education. This is the topic of the article to be discussed. It is an article by Carr Nicholas, published in the year 2012. The Crisis In Higher Education is an article pointing out on various predicaments that are faced in the field of higher education. In this article, Nicholas tends to inform individuals on more about higher institutions of learning and how predicaments can be controlled. In this case, he specializes in the line of e-learning where he explains more about it and how it can help students who use this technique in learning. He mentions some of the universities where this strategy has been implemented and its benefits to the institutions. Though there are drawbacks that are associated with this strategy, his aim is to make it clear to individuals that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Carr in his article aims at making individuals aware of the challenges that are faced in the field of higher education. Carr begins by mentioning that a hun dred years ago, higher education system seemed on the limit of a technological development. This is a technique used to capture the interest of the readers by informing them that technology was implemented some years back meaning it started sometimes back. In this case this is a technique used to inform the readers more about technology. He goes ahead explain that there are many universities today that are raising hopes of a revolution in the field of higher education. The universities pointed out in this case include: Stanford, Harvard, Princeton and MIT. This is another part in the article meant to educate individuals on the recent trends in higher education. Nicholas points out that in the world, not is every individual enthusiastic. He explains that with the use of online classes, at some point the quality of college education is diminished. This is due to the introduction of MOOCs which enables learning to take place online. He points out that distractions has occurred especial ly for the institutions that use this technique. He goes ahead to state that for such institutions, for effective learning processes to take place, high degree of automation has to be implemented. In this case, he wishes to instruct administrators in higher education institutions to implement this strategy for them to have effective online learning processes. Carr also points out that individuals who are skeptical of MOOCs give a warning that the real meaning of a higher institution lies in an interplay within between the teachers and students that cannot be replicated through machines no matter how classy the programming. This gives a clear impression that Carr does not agree with them because he supports the fact that e-learning can work effectively only id the high degree automation strategy is implemented. In this case, his message is convincing in that, he tries to explain how e-learning can work well for higher institutions. â€Å"The designers and promoters of MOOCs don†™t suggest that computers will make classrooms obsolete. But they do argue that online instruction will change the nature of teaching on campus, making it more engaging and efficient.† (Carr 40). Nicholas in this case tries to convince the readers that even though there are drawbacks that come along with the e-learing process, they can be dealt with and that the e-learners can study perfectly well just as those who attend a

Essential elements Essay Example for Free

Essential elements Essay Failure in business ethics is a real threat to the future of every corporation. Business ethics as an issue is a hundred times more powerful than the internet or globalization and can destroy your business in a week. To make matters worse, standards of business ethics are changing rapidly in response to random events which capture public imagination. In business ethics, what was good is becoming bad and what was considered bad is now good. Standards for business ethics that have worked for decades are looking old fashioned or immoral while other practices that raised questions are becoming totally acceptable. So what is going to happen next in business ethics? How can corporations use business ethics to restore confidence and protect themselves against tomorrow’s headlines? What will be the new â€Å"Gold Standard† for business ethics and corporate governance? How much further than legal minimum requirements for business ethics should corporations go to ensure sustainable success? When business ethics goes wrong who gets blamed? Impact of media allegations of dishonesty, fraud or corruption of senior executives or directors – and how to protect business ethics reputation . Why goalposts for business ethics will go on changing, and how to get ready? are all the questions to be pondered upon . Methodology of Inquiry should be able to reflect upon all above mentioned issues. Ethical decision making is about deciding between two rights. Leadership requires doing the right thing for the people of the organization, the organization itself and those the organization supports. But, what is the right thing? When faced with the difficult decision of choosing between two rights, some people seek the easy way out; avoidance, delay, or compromise. Ethical decision making is required when you face a decision about whether to do something that the organization, the profession or society considers right but which conflicts with your strongly held values and principles. What should you do, go with the flow and obey the wishes and pressures of the organization, the profession or society? Or should you act in accordance with your own values, principles and moral or ethical beliefs at the risk of your job, your career and your social standing? Ethical decision making is required to resolve ethical dilemmas or moral ambiguity between your own values and principles for living. Doing our part to create a more just and loving world for all mandates a strong commitment on the part of Ethical Societies and their members to their surrounding communities are something that is actually needed . Applied ethics in effective inquiry system consists of the analysis of specific, controversial moral issues such as abortion, animal rights, or euthanasia. In recent years applied ethical issues have been subdivided into convenient groups such as medical ethics, business ethics, environmental ethics, and sexual ethics. Generally speaking, two features are necessary for an issue to be considered an applied ethical issue. First, the issue needs to be controversial in the sense that there are significant groups of people both for and against the issue at hand. The issue of drive-by shooting, for example, is not an applied ethical issue, since everyone agrees that this practice is grossly immoral. By contrast, the issue of gun control would be an applied ethical issue since there are significant groups of people both for and against gun control. The second requirement for in issue to be an applied ethical issue is that it must be a distinctly moral issue. On any given day, the media presents us with an array of sensitive issues such as affirmative action policies, gays in the military, involuntary commitment of the mentally impaired, capitalistic vs. socialistic business practices, public vs. private health care systems, or energy conservation. Although all of these issues are controversial and have an important impact on society, they are not all moral issues. Some are only issues of social policy. The aim of social policy is to help make a given society run efficiently by devising conventions, such as traffic laws, tax laws, and zoning codes. Moral issues, by contrast, concern more universally obligatory practices, such as our duty to avoid lying, and are not confined to individual societies. There should be an honest and ethical conduct including the handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships ; full , fair , accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in reports that a company files with the Commission . Accountability for adherence to the code hastens the system of inquiry of the paper. The system of inquiry should be so effective and quick that no time should be wasted at any level of inquiry. System of inquiry is thus not a set of hard and fast rules which once made are to be followed blindly. It in fact is a framework which needs to be firstly made seeing all perceptives and then renewed from time to time as per sociological requirements and most importantly rules should be kept flexible as the rules are for the people not that the people are for rules . Essential elements of an ethical frame work – include contextual input , purpose with actions at issue , path finding function , problem solving function , implementing function quality judgment and lastly its output. Thus , systems inquiry incorporates these inter- related domains of disciplined inquiry systems theory. Systems methodology provides us with a set of models , strategies , methods and tools that instrumentalizes the whole systems inquiry. In today’s highly competitive , performance – driven business climate , regulations are not enough ; professional codes are not enough ; the old model of business ethics is not enough – what is required is a framework – that must be able to identify the ends as well as the means. Bibliography: http://www.en.wikipedia.org

European Telecommunications Policy on Liberalisation

European Telecommunications Policy on Liberalisation Introduction This paper critically discusses the European telecommunications policy which is mainly intended to liberalise all telecommunications goods and services. Telecommunications policy is concerned with fixed telephone network, telephone (voice) service, other services based on the telephone network, mobile telephony and electronic information network services such as the internet. Communications technologies services serve as a vital link between industry, the services sector and market as well as between peripheral areas and economic centres.[1] There is therefore no question as to the importance of having a telecommunications policy in place to ensure industrial competitiveness and economic and social cohesion. What cannot, however, escape comment is the kind of telecommunications policy introduced in Europe by the European Union. Background information European telecommunications policy started with a Council Decision and Resolution on standardisation of in the field of information technology which was adopted in 1987.[2] The aim of the Decision and Resolution was to create a European market in telecommunications equipment. This was meant to ensure that competition prevails across member states and also to ensure exchange of information, the convergence of industrial strategies and the creation of exploitation of a vast European information technologies and telecommunications market. A Directive was issued in 1999 to establish a single market for radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment. The Directive also prescribes the mutual recognition of their conformity based on the principle of the manufacturer’s declaration.[3] In order to succeed in creating a single market in telecommunications services it was realised that telecommunications markets had to be liberated so that user would be able to procure and connect terminal equipment without the obligation of applying to a single national telecommunications authority. To this end, member states are therefore required to bring an end excusive and special rights remaining in the telecommunications, the restrictions on the installations used for mobile networks as well as the interconnection between such networks. Suppliers of telecommunications services are also entitled to use capacity on cable television networks for all communications services, main data communications, closed corporate networks and multimedia services. Complete liberalisation of voice telephony and telecommunications infrastructure was are intended to be achieved. National regulatory authorities are also required to contribute to the development of the internal market by way of co-o peration with each other and with the Commission to ensure the consistent application in all member states. In 2002, a Directive[4] was issued for the establishment of a harmonised regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services throughout the European Union. The Directive takes account of all electronic communications networks and services within it scope. The electronic communications networks and services include transmissions system and routing equipment as well as other resources which permit the conveyance of signals by wire, by radio, by optical or by other electromagnetic means. They also include satellites networks, fixed and mobile-terrestrial networks, electricity cable system networks used for radio and television broadcasting, and cable television networks. There is also what is known as the â€Å"telecoms package† under which four specific directives were issued. One of these Directives concerns access. It is intended to provide a framework for rules that are applicable to specific products or service markets in particular geographical area. It is also intended to address identified market problems between access and interconnection suppliers.[5] For example, it gives operators of public communications a right and also impose obligation on them to negotiate interconnection with each other for the purpose of providing publicly available electronic communications services, so as to ensure provision and interoperability of services throughout the European community. One of the specific Directives also concerns authorisation. It is intended to implement an internal market in electronic communications networks and services through the harmonisation and simplification of authorisation rules and conditions in order to facilitate their provision throughout the community. [6] The Directive requires member states to ensure the freedom to provide electronic networks and services, subject to certain conditions set out in the Directive. Member states are therefore obliged not to prevent an undertaking from providing electronic communications networks or services without proper reasons.[7] The Directive also stipulates that the general authorisation system should apply to all such services and networks irrespective of their technological characteristics and should limit administrative barriers to entry into the market to a minimum. Another of the specific Directives concerns universal service and users. It is intended to ensure universal service provision for public telephony services in an environment of greater overall competitiveness, with provisions for financing the cost of providing a universal service in the most competitively neutral manner and for ensuring a maximum of information transparency.[8] Also, the Directive is intended to ensue the interoperability of digital consumer television equipment and the provision of certain mandatory services. Furthermore, the Directive establishes the rights of users and consumers of electronic communications service. The fourth specific Directive concerns the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communication sector.[9] It harmonises the provision of member states required to ensure an equivalent level of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms and in particular the right to privacy. It also ensures the free movement of such data and of electronic communication equipment and services in the community. There is an axis of the European telecommunications policy called the â€Å"technological development in telecommunications, which is pursued by research in advanced communication technologies and services. European research technological development policy is directed towards strengthening the scientific and technological basis of community industry and encouraging it to become more competitive at international level, while promoting all the research activities considered necessary by virtue of other chapters of the Treaty.[10] Other axis is known as â€Å"trans-European telecommunications network†. The networks are national digital networks which aim to introduce innovative trans-European services in the general interest. They also aim to contribute to the development of the information society in terms of growth, employment, social cohesion and participation for all in he knowledge-based economy.[11] Assessment of the policy The European telecommunications policy is said to have contributed greatly to the development of the telecommunication industry.[12] A member of the European Union Commission responsible for information society and media also claims that: â€Å"†¦ good implementation of the EU framework is paying off. EU countries that have applied the EU rules in a timely and efficient manner, following the principle of competition, have clearly achieved the best results in terms of investment in new networks and take-up of new innovative services It is rare for issues to arise where social justice and economic reality go hand in hand. I believe this is the case for the Information Society. All countries will have to liberalise their telecom networks in the end. This is unavoidable. Those that fight against it often do so in the name of social justice. They argue that liberalisation will reduce economic and social cohesion. The rich will get richer and the poor will be poorer. However, there is no inherent conflict between liberalisation and social justice in the field of the Information Society.†[13] According to the Commissioner, Variations of regulatory approach are today an obstacle to the internal market and to effective competition: If a national regulator in country A applies the EU rules vigorously to the operators on its market, while the national regulator in country B adopts a more lenient policy towards the dominant operator by adopting remedies later or in a less efficient way, this gives companies in country B an unfair competitive advantage over companies in country A. In Europe’s internal market, this is unacceptable. The Commissioner expressed belief that the Commission should be able to ensure consistency in remedies proposed by national regulators to enhance competition in market dominated by one or more operators. This, the Commissioner said was a logical adjunct to the Commission’s current role as regards market definitions and market power assessments. The Commission has three functions within the telecommunications area: the promotion of European telecommunications policy; regulation of competition and as a watchdog on the application of the Treaty of Rome. The commissioner’s remarks show that the aim of the policy has not been fully achieved. It is correct to say that, the European telecommunication policy has its shortcomings. First of all, one wonders how a policy which has separate national regulators for each member country can be said to be effective. There is no doubt that if the EU wants to achieve a real level playing field where telecommunication operators can compete satisfactorily with one another then there must be an independent telecommunications authority whose duty would be to ensure efficient implementation of the rules across member states. Such an authority would have the authority to require national regulators to co-operate with it. It is argued that the creation of a centralised authority was successf ully prevented by member states even though centralisation was regarded as a necessary step in the process of liberalisation and promotion of an integrated enfrastructure.[14] One criticism directed at the policy is that the regulatory regime has evolved which is framed and instructed by European guidelines but varies from member state to member state in several respects without a short-term or medium-term perspective to converge on a single regulatory model.[15] Alabau (2006) also argues that one does not have to analyse it very hard to realise that what the Commission wanted to do was simply to impose a single European licence, making services subject to the same policy that it applied to the free movement of goods. That was why the Framework Directive referred to Article 8 of the Treaty. In his view, the Member States were not going to give way on the mutual recognition of licences. Granting licences for operating telecommunications services in their territory represented an area of sovereignty that they simply were not prepared to give up. This situation, which might have made sense in the case of value added services, verged on the unreasonable when the decision to liberalise voice telephony services and infrastructures was made.[16] It was revealed during the EU telecom conference in Geneva in 1999 a number of issues could be identified. The first was the degree of independence enjoyed by national regulators. At a minimum, regulated authorities must be independent of the telecommunications operator(s) if any liberalisation of services is to be successful. Competitors should not enter a market unless the dominant operator is subject to independent regulation to ensure that monopoly services are provided to competitors at a price that allows them to compete effectively. Second, it was observed that notwithstanding the progress that has been made in many market segments, incumbents still largely dominate national markets. The biggest problem in this respect is their overwhelming dominance in local access networks. Some member states are believed to have already responded to this by forcing the incumbent to unbundle the local loop. Third, wide variations in the degree of competition between Member States are inevita ble, given their different starting points. However, this is also the result of differences in the regulatory framework, which in some areas is not consistently applied. It is for European Commission to set an overall telecommunications policy framework in the distribution of licenses. The duty of the National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) was to implement such objectives through specific legislative measures. All member states awarded more than one license in accordance with EU competition rules. However, while some states preferred to award licence through auction, others opted for what is known as the â€Å"beauty contest†. There are a number of flaws associated with either of these options. In any member state where auctioning was preferred, it emerged that the auctioning was problematic. The licence fee is said to be extremely high. â€Å"The danger of an open-ended auction is that the companies, in trying to outdo each other, will drive up the costs ridiculously.†[i] The ‘ridiculous costs’ of licenses may generate a chain of events with profound implications on 3G services and on overall economic welfare. One argument against auctioning states that due to the high cost of spectrum, telcos are forced to pass these costs on to consumers via higher prices, which in turn, retards the development of mobile data services due to lower mobile uptake by consumers). Ultimately, the deceleration in development will have wide-ranging implications for national economies as a whole†.[17] Auctions is also said to favour well-capitalised incumbent telcos which can afford to pay high premiums for spectrum, while smaller, possibly more innovative telcos who may be able to develop products faster while providing it at a better service, are left out due to capital constraints. Consequently, fewer competitors will exist in the market, keeping prices higher and products and services less innovative.[18] With regard to licence fee, the British Government has been criticised. It observed that higher prices to the consumer and the threat of investment stifling in 3G networks were both risks that might delay the rollout of 3G services and ultimately, adversely affect a country’s economic development. Many governments, including Ireland, have chosen not to use an auction to avoid the aforementioned risks. According to Professor Peter Cramton from the University of Maryland, beauty contests suffer from several problems. First, they are extremely slow and wasteful.[19] Second, beauty contests lack transparency. It is difficult to see why one proposal won out over another. Worse yet, the ability of the regulator to successfully identify the best proposals is limited.[ii] The Radio communications Agency, which manages the UK’s radio spectrum, admits it considered various options for 28GHz, including a beauty contest. But in a report on the two processes, it concluded that with a beauty contest it would be difficult to keep the selection procedure 1) objective, 2) non-discriminatory and 3) transparent, as required by the EC Licensing Directive.[20] It argued that the danger of utilizing beauty contests as a basis for assigning licenses for 3G mobile networks is that the criteria may be influenced by subjectively biased national factors that may prejudice open decision making.[21] Conclusion It will be unfair to say that the European telecommunications policy has not achieved any success. One may to a large extent agree with the assertion that the policy has contributed greatly the development of the telecommunication industry. However, as seen above, the policy is far from perfect. The entire blame cannot be shifted to the European Commission. The unwillingness on the part of member states to have an independent European telecommunications authority has contributed to the problem. Having identified this as a problem herself, the EU Commissioner responsible for information society and media stated at the 2006 European Competitive Telecommunications Association conference that the most effective and less bureaucratic way to achieve a real level plying ground field for telecom operators was to replace the present system by an independent authority that will act like European Central Bank. One cannot but only that in future member states will realise the need to have such a system in place. References Chapman, Matt. â€Å"Auction of Radio Spectrum Comes Back to Haunt Telcos,† Network News,  Sep 6, 2000 Eliassen, Kjell, A. and Sjovaag, Marit. European Communication Liberalisation. London:  Routledge. 1999 Lehr, W. and T. Kiessling. (1999). Telecommunication Regulation in the United States,  Europe: The Case for Centralized Authority. In S. Eisner Gillett and I. Vogelsang,  eds, Competition, Regulation, and Convergence. Current Trends in Telecommunications Policy Research. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 105-20. Reding, Viviane, Review of the EU Telecom Rules: Strengthening Competition and Completing  the Internal Market†. 27 June 200http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/06/422> Schneider, Volker and Werle, Raymund, Telecommunications Policy. In Graziano,  Paolo, and Vink, Maarten, eds Europeanization: New Research Agendas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (2006). Chapter 20  Nourafchan, Raphael. The Political Economy of European Telecommunications Policy: auctions  versus Beauty Contests Footnotes [1] Moussis, Nicholas, Access to European Union: Law, Economic Policies. Rixensart, Belgium: European.  Union Services [2] Repealed, see Council Decision (1999/468 EC) [3] Directive 1999/5/EC [4] Directive 2002/21/ EC [5] Directive 2002/19/EC [6] Directive 2002?20/ EC [7] The reasons are set out in Article 46(1) of the Treaty [8] Directive 2002/22/EC [9] Directive 2002/58/EC [10] Decision 182/1999/EC [11] Decision 336/97/EC [12] Liikanen, Erkki, Telecom 1999 Conference, Geneva, 1999. 07 August 2007. http://ec.europa.eu/archives/commission_1999_2004/liikanen/media/speeches/19991010.htm> [13] Reding, Viviane, Review of the EU Telecom Rules: Strengthening Competition and Completing the  Internal Market†. 27 June 2006. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/06/422> [14]  Lehr, W. and T. Kiessling. (1999). Telecommunication Regulation in the United States,  Europe: The Case for Centralized Authority. In S. Eisner Gillett and I. Vogelsang, eds,  Competition, Regulation, and Convergence. Current Trends in Telecommunications  Policy Research. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 105-20. [15]  Schneider, Volker and Werle, Raymund, Telecommunications Policy. In Graziano,  Paolo, and Vink, Maarten, eds Europeanization: New Research Agendas.  Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (2006). Chapter 20 [16] Alabau, Antonio, â€Å"European Union and its Electronic Communications Policy; Thirty Years In Perspective† [17]Nourafchan, Raphael. The Political Economy of European Telecommunications Policy: auctions versus Beauty  Contests [18] Ibid. [19] Even with streamlined hearings, it took the FCC an average of two years to award thirty cellular licenses. Competitors  Spend vast sums trying to influence the regulator’s decision (Peter Cramton 2001). [20]  Chapman, Matt. â€Å"Auction of Radio Spectrum Comes Back to Haunt Telcos,† Network News, Sep 6, 2000 [21] Telecoms Standards Approvals Review, â€Å"3G Licensing: France to Use Selection Process,† Jun 20, 2000 [i] [ii]

The Awakenings Symbolic Significance Of The Sea :: essays research papers fc

In the novel, â€Å"The Awakening,† Kate Chopin tells the story of a young married woman, Edna Pontellier, who, while enjoying her summer holidays at a cottage on a beach with her family, meets a young man by the name of Robert Lebrun. Edna, who is not really in love with her husband, begins to have mixed feelings and, as a result, begins to realize who she truly is. Edna feels that something is lacking in her life. The author uses the ocean to personify and symbolize what is missing in Edna’s life--the love of a man and freedom of the soul.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On several occasions Chopin uses the sea as a personification of Edna’s longing for the love of a man. Although Edna is married, she does not have the feelings for her husband which coincide with being in love. In one example, Chopin describes the sea: â€Å"The voice of the sea is seductive; never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander for a spell in abysses of solitude, to lose itself in mazes of contemplation† (13). The sea calls to Edna: â€Å"The voice of the sea speaks to the soul. The touch of the sea is sensuous, enfolding the body in its soft , close embrace† (13). Chopin is describing the sea as though it was a man with whom Edna is in love and for whom she feels a strong attraction, not just someone she can make love to but someone she can loose herself in. Later, the young man, Robert Lebrun, who is stirring up all these feelings in Edna, asks her if she is going swimming; she answers him no and tells him she is too tired. Chopin describes Edna’s actions afterwards: â€Å"Her glance wandered from his face away toward the Gulf, whose sonorous murmur reached her like a loving but imperative entreaty† (12). Chopin is projecting Edna’s feelings for Robert, whether Edna is conscious of these feelings or not, onto the sea because a part of Edna does want to go swimming with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edna also has a strong need for freedom and Chopin, with respect to Edna’s character, makes reference to the sea to express this need. On one occasion, Edna and Madame Ratignolle, her neighbour for the summer, are sunbathing on the beach. Madame asks Edna to where her mind is wandering. Edna tells her the ocean is bringing back a memory of a field in Kentucky which, as a child, she had run through with arms stretched out in the breeze as though swimming

Literary Minimalism and Jean François Lyotard :: Free Essays Online

Literary Minimalism and Jean Franà §ois Lyotard 1. Anne Beattie has been called a writer of minimalist fiction. Jean Franà §ois Lyotard’s theories concerning postmodern expression have many similarities to this style. In this paper some of Lyotard’s philosophical contributions to postmodernism will be presented as mission statements for, and/or an explanations of, the minimalist style. 2. First, minimalism as a style will be explained through examples from Anne Beattie’s story "Girl Talk" along with other commentary. To begin, minimalism, as Madison Smart Bell wrote . . . may fairly be described as a school because its representative work contains, as if by prescription, a number of specific elements: A trim, ‘minimal style, an obsessive concern for surface detail, a tendency to ignore or eliminate distinctions among the people it renders and a studiedly deterministic, at times nihilistic, vision of the world’ (Rebein 34). 3. Indeed, the minimalist style of writing is one that lacks distinct amounts of color. It is this tedious pen that writes stories such as "Girl Talk," by Anne Beattie, in which a pregnant woman narrates her experience at her boyfriend’s mother’s birthday party. The attention to surface detail that Bell notes can be seen Beattie’s almost page long description of each of the characters’ toes sitting at a table after dinner. The narrator describes each person in detail: "The twins that are not twins have baby toes that curl under" "Craig has square toenails" "Barbara has long toenails" (31). In this segment there does not seem to be anything below the surface --such as social commentary or opinion of humanity--just feet. This devotion to almost pointless description without commentary fits the minimalist style, as Robert Rebein says in his book Hicks, Tribes, and Dirty Realists that minimalism "is neither insightful nor even reasonably articulate" (37). 4. This lack of articulation can also be seen in the opening lines of the story, "Barbara is her chaise. Something is wrong with the pool. . ." (Beattie 28). These lines merely describe things lazily and without meaning, not even using the description that is devoted to toes later in the story. 5. Bell also mentions an aspect of nihilism in regard to minimalism. Among its definitions, Webster’s Dictionary defines nihilism as the belief that "all existence is senseless and there is no possibility of an objective basis for truth." This definition can be applied to minimalism in that the writing style never purports to reveal a truth about the world it creates.

Struggles Overcome Essay

Dan is forty-two years old, but feels as if he has aged thirty years in the past three months. He is always so tired that he must take several naps just to get through the day, and he knows that something must be wrong. Finally, Dan’s doctor says Dan is nearing stage 5 kidney disease and Dan needs to start thinking about a transplant or dialysis treatment options soon. This leaves thousands of people with kidney disease to wonder what lies ahead. Thankfully, two local organizations strive each day to better the lives of dialysis recipients. The Patient Ambassadors Organization is a non-profit organization dedicated to improving dialysis patients’ quality of life by developing awareness of dialysis issues. The Onalaska Dialysis Clinic offers patients a wide variety of compassionate treatment options to meet their dialysis needs. Both the Patient Ambassadors Organization and the Onalaska Dialysis Clinic make a substantial difference in the lives of those in need. The Patient Ambassador Organization is a heartwarming organization that helps thousands of dialysis patients worldwide. The Patient Ambassador Organization (PAO) provides dialysis patients with the education to be their own advocates. Having the right information on how to treat, and live with kidney failure is crucial for survival. The PAO provides videos and publishes free books on coping with dialysis. This education allows dialysis patients to gain control of their lives once again. Along with educating the dialysis patients, the staff at the PAO also helps patients become eligible for a transplant. Many patients are unaware of the very important steps to go through when it comes to receiving a kidney. The PAO helps patients gain access to meet face to face with a transplant coordinator. Not everyone will receive kidney transplant, but many lives are saved each day from organ donation. Clearly, the PAO has helped patients to face kidney failure with gainful education and the confidence to overcome kidney failure. Along with the PAO, the Onalaska Dialysis Clinic provides resources for individuals battling kidney failure. The clinic offers compassionate care and transportation options. Being able to rely on a trustworthy team is very significant to someone who may be facing a life or death situation. With that concept in mind, the Onalaska Dialysis Clinic always has a staff member available to make patients feel at ease. Whether it’s getting an extra blanket and pillow or just telling a joke to lighten the mood, the  staff is always helping patients get through the day. Transportation is also provided for those who are not able to get to and from the clinic. Free bus tickets are funded by the Onalaska Dialysis Clinic, and are given to patients all year round. The Onalaska Dialysis Clinic is my place of employment, and I am very touched each and every day whe n I enter my role as a Dialysis technician. The unquestionable compassion that the Onalaska Dialysis Clinic offers to all patients is remarkable. Along with showing compassion on a day to day basis, the Onalaska Dialysis Clinic offers specific holiday programs to help patients to feel more at ease and welcomed. The Onalaska Dialysis Clinic offers its patients a holiday card along with cookies and apple cider. A gentleman once told me that he looks forward to this all year, and it’s the only holiday celebrating that he gets to do. No matter what time of year, the Onalaska Dialysis Clinic is always lending a helping hand. Unfortunately, kidney failure will affect the lives of millions of patients each year. Thanks to the kindness and support of the PAO and the Onalaska Dialysis Clinic, patients have the ability to overcome any obstacle. The compassion is very touching, and gives me faith in humanity. Therefore, staff members of PAO and the Onalaska Dialysis Clinic have touched many lives of dialysis patients worldwide. Th e impact that the PAO and the Onalaska Dialysis Clinic have made will be acknowledged eternally.

Cognitive and Language Development

Whether we know it or not children begin learning from the moment they take their entrance into this world by listening, looking, and interacting with people and objects (Gleitman, 1981) that carries them from birth through adulthood. Literacy Development in children is sort of the same thing but it is focused mainly on things that help them with speaking, listening, reading, understanding, watching, drawing and writing.Infants and Toddlers are like sponges; they absorb everything about their environment (Lally, Torres, & Phelps, 1993). They learn through sensory and motor experiences (Gleitman, 1981). You might say well how I can help them with all of this it is a lot. Well here are some ways that you can help them with out having to do a lot. Infants ( Cognitive & Language Development) Put a mobile over the crib, he/she will enjoy it Let them listen to classical music Read to infants.They may not understand you but it helps develop early literacy skills Play peek-a-boo Let the infa nt play with an unbreakable mirror so they can see their reflection Sing/Talk to infants during feeding and while changing diapers Toddlers (Cognitive & Language Development) While reading to toddlers, name objects in the book and let them point the objects out Hide a toy and encourage the child to find it. For example, behind your back or under the table, etc. Encourage the child to sing songs with youEncourage to stack blocks and let them knock them over so they can see them fall If the child is saying simple words like dog or ball, try and use them in a simple sentence like â€Å"Where is the dog? † so they can start learning to put sentences together Infant & Toddler (Literacy Development) Try an use rhyming whenever you can- helps them understand the meaning of words as well as how they are created Repeat sounds you child makes, or make up sounds and see if you child can copy them Talk about the sounds animals make and ask your child to copy When you are out take a book as well as a toy with youEncourage your child to draw and write using pens, pencils, crayons, and markers Try and get them to write their name on all the art work they do Help them use play dough to make the letters of the alphabet or numbers Visit the library with your child, let choose the books they would want to take home School Aged Children (Literacy Development) Play words games that encourage children to learn sounds Talk about TV shows your child is watching, talk about the past, the future Take turns reading with your child Read stories then ask the child about themEncourage your child to read the names of items at the supermarket Select a few alphabet letters and move them around to make new sounds-bat, tab, abt and ask them which words are real Ask he/she to make you a book with a word on one side and a picture on the other Or let them write a grocery list or a restaurant menu just for play School Aged Children (Cognitive & Language Development) Learning to write letters and draw circles Identifying colors and drawing more complex people Knowing the difference between morning, noon and night The biggest thing for preschoolers is to PLAY.Playing is very important for their cognitive development. It promotes healthy brain development and helps children build confidence, begin to solve problems and work with others. These skills help them build leadership and group skills. REFERENCES: Cognitive Development for School Aged Children- http://www. livestrong. com/article/541776-why-is-cognitive-development-important-in-preschool/ Literacy Development- http://raisingchildren. net. au/articles/activities_to_promote_literacy. html/context/1217 Cognitive Development for Infants & Toddlers- www. highreach. com

America at the Turn of the Century

As America gets closer to the 21st century, we face many challenges as a nation. America has a very strong country. There is something that can maintain the status of the country. A powerful economy is the foundation of the world economy, the United States has very advanced technology, and today dominates the world. These three things are so strong that we will not be so disappointed. At the turn of the century America is one of the best original places. Due to the rapid growth of technology and industry, the government and most citizens are not ready to deal with that effect. The combination of philosophy like Laissez Fair and social Darwinism has created the United States with little concern for oppressed people. Ultimate citizens, ordinary people like you and me condemn these conditions and changes in demand. The necessity of change and progress is called a progressive era Perhaps at the turn of the century, one of the most romantic images of America is Wild West. One of the most famous images of the wild west is the advocate of the cowboy, the American border. The American cowboy has become an architectural image of merchants and literature, and in recent years it is an image of the reconstruction of contemporary historians. Merchants and literature showed a very beautiful view of American cowboys, which encouraged bovine farming and the development of new railroads and offered imagination to Americans. In order to clarify the inaccuracies of these myths of the cowboy, modern historians emphasized the more dull and difficult aspects of the cowboy's life. Both sides borrowed the evidence of the fact, but both speech has mythical evidence. In his book on American Jewish immigration at the turn of the century, the time described by our father 's world Owen Ho does not sound obsolete. Howe said migrant workers remembered adolescence in Russia: How can I explain it ... When we talked about Dostoyevski, did we share excitement? In America, only young people You c an choose movies, music, art and dance, only God knows.

If you could change one thing to make the world a better place, what Essay

If you could change one thing to make the world a better place, what would it be - Essay Example Today, the inner world of the man is in shambles. Accumulating more and more wealth is not the solution to find peace within. Spirituality is not the domain of any particular religion. It is all-embracing, and concerns each and every individual. It is about reforming the evil tendencies by changing one’s thought processes. When the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed; when the society is changed, the nation is changed. When the nations change for the better, one can claim that world peace is attainable. Turn the pages of human history, one finds that systems of political philosophies have failed to deliver permanent peace for humanity. An individual is the unit of the society. Changing the individual is the safest and surest of the options for total change. The suggested steps to take spirituality within the reach of the common man are: a) Spiritual education should be made compulsory at the primary school level. It is the wrong notion that spirituality is an after-retirement project and one should take to path of spirituality when one has nothing else to do. b) It should be taught at the higher grades and universities. c) Periodical interactive sessions must be held at all levels to enable the students to have a good grasp of the spiritual truths.