Freud, Jung, Adler Free Essays

Assignment One Jeremie William Edwards PSY/250 Elaine Parks Assignment Two Freud, Jung, and Adler are commonly referred to as the fathers of modern Psychology. The three men spent much time delving into why people act and think the ways which they do. Freud’s psychoanalytical approach tells us that the human psyche consists of three different parts that drive us to our thoughts and actions; the Ego, Super-Ego, and the Id (direct Latin translation is the it). We will write a custom essay sample on Freud, Jung, Adler or any similar topic only for you Order Now Adler was at differences with Freud in this separation of these three parts. Adler believed that the Ego, Super-Ego, and the Id were not separated but viewed as a whole; He believed that it was more important to look at the entire picture rather than trying to separate these parts, as Freud would. Jung and Freud had a difference on personal motivation that drives each of us. Freud believed that all human motivation was sexually based, where Jung thought that every person suffered from a type of inferiority complex. I can agree with portions from all of the doctors and their theories. I believe that there is a sexual connotation to most everything that people do, whether it is out-right or hidden in context. I can also see where most everyone suffers from some type of inferiority complex. Every person can admit to be lacking in some area in which they would rather excel. As far as Jung and his individuation on the other hand, I believe this to be lacking in substance. His thoughts on humans being social creatures and the influence that our surroundings have on us are quite valid. I also believe that we do have an Id or a primal instinct inside of us, but that Id is not in conflict with our Ego and Super-Ego. These three parts work in unison to drive us and propel each of us into becoming better people yet not letting us forget from where we originate. Sigmund Freud had a five stage theory on human personality development. The five stages in order are; Oral/Dependency, Anal/Potty Training, Phallic, Latency Period, and Genital. The Oral stage is from the time of birth up to about two years old. This stage talks of breastfeeding and how a person can develop an oral fixation if weaned too early from the teat. An oral fixation can manifest in the forms of smoking, eating, or drinking. The second stage, Anal, is where the child is learning to use a toilet properly. The child uses the anal sphincter as a means of maintaining control of the situation. For example, if a child does not want to learn how to use the toilet they may withhold their feces or defecate in places or at times that are seen as inappropriate. These actions will allow the child to perceive that they are still in control of the situation. Under this understanding is where Freud believes that a person can develop obsessive compulsive disorder or dreams of spinning out of control and the person left trying to get everything back in order. The Phallic stage is the third stage of Freud’s. This stage is from the ages of three to five, this is the time where a child starts to become more aware of the differences between men and women. This time frame is when a person can develop an Oedipus or Electra complex, depending on the gender of the person. What this entails is the child becoming jealous of the same sex parent. For boys this would present because of the child wanting a relationship with the mother that the father has, this scenario in turn makes the boy child adopt the acts and mannerisms of the father in order to live vicariously through him in this relationship. For a girl child, she is jealous of the mother and wants the father’s penis (penis envy). The fourth phase is a latency period where no real advancement is made. The final stage of Freud’s five stages is the Genital stage. The Genital stage starts around the age of 12 and ends in the peak of puberty. This stage is a reawakening of a person’s sexual interest. In this stage a person will start to feel sexual attraction towards the opposite sex (the writer does not know about homosexuality in this theory as of yet). The urges and needs are to pleasure the genitals and a sort of coming of age, or growing up. Freud had many different defense mechanisms. The three we will be looking at are; Denial, Rationalization, and Repression. Denial is a fairly self-explanatory defense; it is when a person argues with the reality of what has actually happened. E. G. When a woman has been raped she must deal with an extraordinary situation which she had no choice in. Some women face this reality with denying that it ever actually happened. Rationalization is a bit different in a person will fabricate a truth rather than facing what the observable truth is. Say a person gets fired from a position; he/she may claim that it is because they refused to kiss up to the boss when in reality it was because of a lack in performance. Repression is when a person forces something out of memory, often a person will repress memories of child abuse. How to cite Freud, Jung, Adler, Essay examples

Cultural Differences between Australia & Korea-Free-Samples

Questions: 1.How Hofstedes Cultural Dimension can be applied to explain Lees Company 2.What Lee can do to remain and Work Comfortably in the Company. 3.What the Korean Manager can do to deal effectively deal with Individualistic Employees. Answers: Introduction Cultural differences in among nations present various challenges to employees who work in nations different from their countries of residence. Lee is one of the workers who experienced challenges of organizational cultural differences. He studied and spent many years in Australia, and therefore, got accustomed to the Australian culture. After a long time in Australia, he gets employed in his home country Korea, which has an organizational culture that is different from what he is used to. He faces rough time from the staff members, the senior management and even the senior staff due to failure to understand and adjust to the existing corporate culture of the new company (Lim and Kim, 2011, pp. 21-38). 1.Geert Hofstede researched on the operation of the workplace and concluded that the prevailing culture influences the values at the workplace. He found that these values are sustained by the culture and affects the motivations of the employees and affects the productivity of employees with a different culture and geographical backgrounds. Hofstede came up with six dimensions of culture at the workplace. This includes individualism versus collectivism, pragmatic versus normative, the masculinity versus femininity, the high versus low power distance, high or low uncertainty avoidance and indulgence versus restraint. These dimensions of culture can be used to explain the situation of Lee in his new workplace (Minkov, 2007). Individualism versus Collectivism (IVC) Hofstede described culture as individualism or collectivism. IVC describes the strength of the peoples ties with others in the society. It describes the degree of interconnection that people have within a community and how much they care for others and the decision they make. In individualism, there is a loose interpersonal connection of the people in the community, and people are not concerned with the effects and outcomes of the decision of others in the society. On the other hand, a collectivist society, people value others and keep loyalty to them. Thus, their decisions and consequences concern them (Kim, Lim, Dindia and Burrell, 2010, pp. 543-566). According to Hofstede, the Australian culture can be described to be individualism, and Lee was used to this culture because he expects people to express themselves, make their own decisions and others should not be concerned about them. In meetings, proposes ideas and is willing to take the responsibilities of himself. On the other hand, the Korean culture is collectivism because people are concerned about the decision and action of others and they prefer deciding with one voice as a group. Lees collogues dislikes his culture of standing out in meetings, and they expect to stand together in decisions as a group (Lim and Giles, 2007, pp. 349-364). Indulgence versus Restraint (IND) According to Hofstede, culture can be tolerance or restraint. This is usually used to describe the degree to which people do control their desires or the impulses which entail how people control their drives and the emotions. Countries with indulgence (or high IND level) allow people to work and live freely doing the small things that give them joy. On the other hand, a country with low IND level (Restraint) will have its people with restrictions to behavior and conduct to enjoying life and pursuing pleasure. Australia has a high IND ratio while Korea has a lower IND ratio (Adler, 2008). This evident when Lee dyed his hair and wore casual clothing on a working day he was considered rude before his superiors. Casual clothing and dyed hair are acceptable in Australia but not allowed in Korea, thus revealing the cultural IND differences (Ertmer, Newbe, Liu, Tomory, Yu and Lee, 2011, pp. 213-228). Power Distance Index (PDI) Power Distance Index, abbreviated as PDI, is one of the Hofstedes cultural dimension that is used to describe the inequalities of differences that exist in the society between those in power and those without power (both seniors and juniors). In low PDI countries, both seniors and juniors are consulted, and the information is frequency shared unlike in countries with high PDI where there exists a hierarchy of authority. Australia has a low PDI score of 36 while Korea has a higher score of 60. This is proofed in Lee's Korean company where hierarchy is observed, and people respect those in power. Leaving the workplace earlier than the seniors is rude and unacceptable unlike in Australia where there is no hierarchy (Fischer, 2009, pp. 25-48). Masculinity and Femininity (MAS) A country with a culture that driven by competition, the achievement and success of people are considered to be masculine (high MAS index). The feminine culture (Low MAS index) is characterized by advocating for equality and caring for others. In a low MAS index society, the quality of life is the sign of success but standing out from the crowd is likable. Australia is highly masculine with a score of 61 which is above average while Korea is highly feminine scored at 39 which is below average. Lee's is used to Austrian masculine culture where employees stand out in the crowd and find it rough when he practices this value in a Korean company that is highly feminine. His colleagues dislike his culture of standing out during meetings (Moussetes, 2007, pp. 443-445). The Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) UAI the degree to which the people tolerate the unknown future states. Countries with high Uncertainty avoidance (UAI) are fear the future and are not willing to engage in uncertain activities are risky while those with low UAI index can tolerate uncertainty. Korea is one of the countries that have a high UAI of 85 while Australia is medium with UAI of 51. Lee proposes innovative ideas for implementation by the management, but none of them are implemented. This is because the Korean company fears and avoids the risks that are likely to be associated with implementing this idea (Reynolds and Valentine, 2011). Long Term Orientation and Short Term Normative Orientation (LTO) This dimension describes how the people in the community keep links or interconnect the present with the past happening. Korea is among the countries with the highest LTO of 100 while Australia has 21. Therefore, this describes the situation of Lee whereby people are negative about him with his new culture (Janavaras, 2012, pp. 10-14). This means, from the history, they believe that such practices are wrong. 2.There are various aspects that Lee should consider to manage for a stay at the company and at the same time be comfortable. Firstly, for Lee to continue to work comfortably with the organization, he needs to get a good understanding of the Korean culture. This is the primary inevitable step towards successful adjustment to the new culture. He needs to understand the perceptions, evaluations, and interpretations of the social situations within the organization and make efforts to work within them (Smith, Peterson and Thomas, 2008). After getting a good understanding of the Korean culture, Lee should learn to the new culture. There are various aspects of the new workplace culture that seems to lack meaning, but for the sake of survival, Lee should respect and embrace them. In many cases, respecting a new culture is challenging because Lee will often find himself thinking that this culture is superior that the new culture. Thus, Lee should learn to respect and appreciate any cultural differences that exist (Minkov, 2011). The next step is to take significant moves towards successful working in the company. This includes an analysis of the new culture and then comparing it with the old Lees Australian culture and thus understand what he should do and what he should not. Lee will be forced to sacrifice some of his cultural values that are not acceptable n the new workplace for his comfortable living in the organization. Lee should also use his Australian culture to get more understanding of the new culture at the workplaceThe Korean manager needs to make efforts to help Lee, a new employee with cultural differences. Firstly, the Korean manager should understand the cultural differences that exist and then take action on them. This could be arranged for training to teach the new workers about the existing culture and then encourage them to comply and respect them. Also, in some cases, the manager should ignore the cultural differences and make Lee's colleagues understand and appreciate their culture (Hum es and Reilly, 2008, pp.118-137). 3.As a strategy, the management should ensure that there is regular communication. Accurate, prompt communication is critical for the management of the cultural differences. The management should also make team-building. Individualist employees will require building teams to enhance the teamwork in the society. The Korean manager should, therefore, put in more efforts to promote team work so that Lee can work with others to develop the groups (Beebe and Mottet, 2010). Therefore, putting these strategies in place is likely to help talented employees to stay in the organization and thus assist the company retains its competitive advantage. Conclusion In conclusion, understanding the culture is an inevitable aspect for the success of every culture. International management brings together people with different geographical and cultural backgrounds thus; there is need to understand and address the existing differences. This is best done using the Hofstede's theory. Also, there are certain aspects that the company acts on them to support and address the cultural differences. Besides, as a new employee in an environment that has a different culture, he should make efforts to understand and respect the prevailing culture. References Adler, N. (2008). International dimensions of organizational behavior. (5thed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western Beebe, S., and Mottet, T. (2010).Business and professional communication: Principles and skills for leadership. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Dowling, P., Festing, M., and Engle, A. (2008). International Human Resource Management (5ed), London: Thomson Learning. Ertmer, P., Newbe, J., Liu, W., Tomory, A., Yu, H., and Lee, Y. (2011). Student's confidence and perceived value for participating in cross-cultural wiki-based collaborations. Education Technical Research Development, pp. 213228. Fischer, R. (2009).Where is Culture in Cross-Cultural Research? An Outline of a Multilevel Research Process for Measuring Culture as a Shared Meaning System. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, pp. 25-48. Humes, M., and Reilly, A. (2008). Managing intercultural teams: The Organization Exercise.Journal of Management Education,pp.118-137. Janavaras, B. (2012). Teaching and learning global marketing using the web. AIB Insights, pp. 10-14. Kim, J., Lim, T., Dindia, K., and Burrell, N. (2010). Reframing the cultural differences between the East and the West.Communication Studies, pp. 543-566. Lim, T. and Kim, J. (2011). A missing link in individualism-collectivism research.Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, pp. 21-38. Lim, T., and Giles, H. (2007). Differences in U.S. and Korean college students evaluations of one-year age differences.Journal of Multilingual Multicultural Development,pp. 349-364. Minkov, M. (2007). What makes us different and similar: A new interpretation of the World Values Survey and other cross-cultural Data, Sofia, Bulgaria. Minkov, M. (2011). Cultural differences in a globalizing world. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Moussetes, A. (2007). The absence of womens voices in Hofstedes Cultural Consequences: A postcolonial reading. Women in Management Review, pp. 443-445. Reynolds, S., and Valentine, D. (2011). Guide to Cross-cultural Communication. (2nded). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Smith, P., Peterson, M. and Thomas, D. (2008).The Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management Research. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.

Chlamydia Essays (714 words) - , Term Papers

Chlamydia The sexually transmitted disease caused by microorganisms that live, as parasites within a cell would commonly be known as Chlamedia. These microorganisms have properties in common with both viruses and bacteria, and cause infection in humans. The causes and risk factors of the Chlamydia infection is caused by the organism Chlamydia trachomas. It is to be the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United states with an estimated 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 people per year. (Even with the 2,000,000 people of gonorrhea, reported and unreported) The spread is higher among lower society groups and among teenagers. Chlamydia is very important because of the consequences of untreated infection. The importance of genital chlamydia infections is without symptoms until complications appear. Chlamydia: In men, chlamydia produces symptoms similar to gonorrhea. Chlamydia (female): Infection with chlamydia frequently leads to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which can cause scarring of the Fallopian tubes and sterility. An estimated 20% of women who get PID will be infertile. Tubule wounds also increases the likelihood of a bad pregnancy (tubule pregnancy). If women are infected with chlamydia while pregnant the infection can cause premature labor and delivery. Plus the infant have a chance of Developing chlamydial conjunctivitis (eye infection) and a 15% chance of developing chlamydial pneumonia. A meaning of chlamydial infections do not cause symptoms; but when they are present; it is similar to those of gonorrhea. In men, this may include burning with urination, discharge from the end of the penis, tenderness or pain in the testicles and lower abdomen and fever and. Women may also have urinary burning, increased frequency, and a mild urethra discharge. Infection of the female reproductive tract can include the Bartholin ducts, vagina, cervix, endometrium, and fallopian tubes. Chlamydia can also cause rectal infections. There are three strains of chlamydia that are responsible for another sexually transmitted disease, and is called lymphogranuloma venereum. This disease is seen more in under developed countries but has gone worldwide. In the United States it is seen mostly in homosexual men. For the reason that Chlamydia infections is often found in conjunction with gonorrhea. People who are get with gonorrhea should also be evaluated for chlamydia infection. The national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends annual chlamydia screening for all sexually active adolescent girls and for other females who may be at high risk for the infection. People that are 25 years old don't use contraceptives all of the time and have new or multiple sex partners. They probably have signs of a possible cervical infection have previously had an STD. Females who are at risk because of their age and sexual activity need to get screened at least once a year. Other chlamydia experts have recently questioned whether that is even a lot. Based on a study experts had conducted in 1998, colleagues at Johns Hopkins University recently recommended a twice-yearly screening of sexually active female adolescents. In tracking more than 3,000 sexually active Baltimore high school girls for three years, they found that more than a quarter of them tested positive for chlamydia at least once in that time frame. By keeping with this test screening was recommended for pregnant women, also, because of the risk that their babies will become infected with chlamydia at birth. No screening was given to males. Because it could have been overlooked. "There is a lot of chlamydia in men that we're missing, and they are a major reservoir of infection". Said the experts. "We're really only putting a band-aid on the problem because, even if we're screening the women, some are going back to their partners and getting reinfected." There has been major progress in the treatment of chlamydia with antibiotics over the past few years. Common side effects of these treatments include diarrhea (7%), nausea (5%), abdominal pain (5%), and vomiting (2%). Once again a person can get and spread chlamydia through unprotected vaginal and anal sex. Preventing chlamydia means approaching sexual relationships responsibly: limit the number of your sex partners, use condoms, and if you think you are infected, avoid any sexual contact and visit a local STD clinic, hospital, or your doctor. Bibliography The Food and Drug Administration. FDA Consumer Magazine: Chlamydia's Quick Cure: Fight Against 'Silent' STD Includes New Screening Test, One-Dose Drug, July-August 1999. (Online) http://www.fda.gov/ fdac/features/ 1999/499_std.html Excite. STD Home Page. 2000 Article http://adam.excite.com/info/?id=001345 Copyright ?2000 Google Inc. http://www.unspeakable.com/facts/chlamydia.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Home page http://www.cdc.gov/health/diseases.htm, http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/chlamydia_facts.htm

The Name Is Not the Thing

The Name Is Not the Thing The Name Is Not the Thing The Name Is Not the Thing By Mark Nichol Writers sometimes have difficulty differentiating in their syntax between something and its name. Here are some examples of this type of error, with explanations and solutions. 1. â€Å"The cartoon series is so inspired by the city that all characters are local street names.† Here, the writer attempts to explain that names in the cast of characters of a television series were selected by going through a list of streets located in the city in which the series is set; this decision exemplifies the extent to which the city inspired the program. This can be stated more simply with just a slight correction of the original sentence: â€Å"The cartoon series is so inspired by the city that all characters are named after local streets.† The following variation is even closer to the writer’s wording but is repetitive and less elegant: â€Å"The cartoon series is so inspired by the city that all characters’ names are local street names.† 2. â€Å"What is a BNP? This relatively new blood test, which stands for ‘b-type natriuretic peptide serum,’ measures the level of a hormone released when the heart chambers stretch larger than normal.† This writer makes the mistake of implying that the blood test is an abbreviation for â€Å"b-type natriuretic peptide serum.† But it is BNP, the preceding initialism for the test, not the test itself, that represents the full name, and that distinction must be explicit: â€Å"What is a BNP? This relatively new blood test, the initials for which stand for â€Å"b-type natriuretic peptide serum,† measures the level of a hormone released when the heart chambers stretch larger than normal.† 3. â€Å"They created an Advisory Committee on the Protection and Use of Sandy Point.† This wording implies that creation of advisory committees on the protection and use of Sandy Point is a regular occurrence, and that this was just another instance of that commonplace event. The sentence should avoid this minor but distracting confusion by referring to creation of a generic entity that is then named: â€Å"They created a body called the Advisory Committee on the Protection and Use of Sandy Point.† Alternatively, assuming that the revision fits the context, the sentence might read something like, â€Å"To that end, they created the Advisory Committee on the Protection and Use of Sandy Point.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"Deck the Halls20 Ways to Laugh

Advantages and Disadvantages of EU Research Paper

Advantages and Disadvantages of EU - Research Paper Example This has promoted economic progress and convergent political ideology that has significantly boosted the peaceful co-existence of the member states. EU has some challenge to the stronger economies that are members like Germany. Their economy is vulnerable to sump in regard to homogeneous currency due to the burden from unstable economies like Greece. The reduced barrier to trade has facilitated cross border transaction. This means significantly lower cost of business among member states with greater gain in terms of efficiency and consistent supply of goods and services. Divergent political ideologies have facilitated internal disagreements on macro and micro-economic policies. This has led to instabilities in specific policy recommendations especially in the aspect of political and economic performance disparities among member states. EU members use a common currency which helps citizens from member states to transact easily in any of the countries. This has promoted economic strength of the region and socio-political co-operation in the region. The effect has been seen in stronger currency relative to the US dollar. Mass consumption that results from this scenario continue to expand the economic performance of the Union. The economic disparity among member states means that the poor performers are exposed to indirect suppression and face significant macroeconomic pressure to comply with the Union’s requirements. This has a structural socio-economic huddle that has seen some member states exhibiting uncooperative behavior. Besides, the globalization effect seems to override some member states capability hence leading to unpredictable economic prospects. Owing to the strong economic ranking of most member states and the mass industrialization that characterize the region, it offers better bargaining power in international market. This has significant boost in industrial growth, political

School Hierarchy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Hierarchy - Coursework Example The ability to ethically implement decisions in schools is a function of the school management. Different characteristics school hierarchies exist and have their direct effects on the implementation of decisions. This paper will look into the characteristics that are detrimental to the ethical implementation of decisions This is the characteristic of school hierarchies that recognizes only a single channel of information flow. In such hierarchies, the top management are the sole source of information. The decisions made at the top flow downwards and access to feedback is limited. When this happens, the ethical requirements of the community such as inclusion of students with special needs do not obtain feedback from the community (National Research Council, 2012). The lack of feedback deters application of evaluation measures and is thus detrimental to the implementation of ethical decisions. Decision making is an activity that should be done with precautions. The precautions ensure that there is ethicality in the decisions and that the implementation of the decision will have the intended effects on the involved parties. When this is done, positive outcomes are anticipated and achieved (National Research Council, 2012). To achieve such a situation, the school should involve all the relevant stakeholders to ensure that all the affected people are consulted before decisions are made. This ensures that there are no complaints regarding the decisions and their ethicality. When the stakeholders are not involved in the school hierarchy, the decisions made are hard to implement. Any organizations should have all their activities directed towards the achievement of set objectives. This is also true for school hierarchies. When the hierarchies are based on objectives that are ethical, the activities and decisions made are directed towards the achievement of the objectives (Brazer et al., 2010). When; however, the

Reflection Paper on The Game Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reflection Paper on The Game Diplomacy - Essay Example We were excited to get to once again see each other and couldn’t wait to catch up on what we had done, or had happened to us over the course of spring break. Needless to say, my friend had had a more interesting spring break as his grandparents lived in California at a location that was relatively within walking distance from the sea. I on the other hand had merely spent the entire spring break away on a scout’s summer camp. My best friend excitedly told me that while on holiday visit at his grandparents, his grandfather had taught him how to play an interesting board game called diplomacy which although having proved to initially be quite complex, had eventually proved to be much more fun than all the games that we used to play. He promised me that once I got hooked on the game, it would be quite difficult for me to go back to enjoying the old games that we used to play. While I was thrilled with the prospect of learning a new game, I also had a bit of apprehension as its name did not sound as flashy or as interesting as some of the other games that we used to play. We agreed to call up a few of our games playing buddies so that we could meet up at my friend’s house the very next day and get a chance to play diplomacy on the board that he received from his grandfather as a present. As we all enjoyed the challenge of mastering a new game, we soon found ourselves hooked to the game and continue to play the game to this day. Diplomacy is essentially a game in which negotiating skills and diplomacy are used in a quest to try and control Europe. The game is set to begin in the years before World War I and is played by seven players who each represent the major European powers of the time which were France, Austria-Hungary, England, Turkey, Russia, Italy and Germany. Each player is randomly assigned a nation that they will